Week 7: UN & NATO

I.         History (NATO)

A.  Post WWII Instability

1.   US and Europe demobilized wartime forces post-WWII; USSR maintained their forces

2.   Undemocratic governments and repression of civil rights in central and eastern European countries causes fear

3.   Specific Leadups to NATO

a.   Governments of Greece, Norway, and Turkey threatened (GNT)

b.   Czechoslovakia coup in June 1948

c.   Berlin blockade

B.  Creation of NATO

1.   Brussels Treaty in March ’48 – Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, UK (BFLNU)

a.   Goal: resist ideological, military, and political threats to their security

C.  NATO in April ’49 – know all 19 members (HQ: Brussels, Belgium)

a.   Initially signed in DC by 12 nations (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, UK, US) (CD II NPU)

b.   Joined by Greece and Turkey (’52), Germany (’55), Spain (’82), and the Czechs, Hungary, and Poland in (12 Mar ’99).

D.  Warsaw Pact (’55) – military alliance between USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

1.   Response to West Germany’s entry into NATO; Goal: protect against NATO attack                                         (ABC E HP R)

2.   Unified military command and allowed Soviet troops to be stationed in any member state

3.   Dissolved in 1991

 

II.        Structure of NATO

A.  Three Major Communities

1.   North Atlantic Council (NAC) – political authority and decision power; consists of Permanent Members reps; meet once/week

a.   US Permanent Rep – Nicholas Burns

2.   Defense Planning Council (DPC)

3.   Nuclear Planning Group (NPG)

B.  Military Committee – advises the major committees and coordinates NATO military operations; consists of Military Reps

1.   US Rep: LTGEN Timothy Kinnan, USAF

 

III.      Recent Developments in Operational Missions

A.  End of the Cold War resulted in political upheaval in Europe; NATO’s political role strengthened to meet this

B.  Threats to the stability of NATO

1.   Gulf (1991-93) – police force in Desert Storm

2.   Somalia (1992-98) – humanitarian relief and security forces

3.   Bosnia (1995-98) – troops sent to ease tension between Croats, Muslims, and Serbs

4.   Kosovo (26 Mar 1999-Present) – campaign against Milosevic (largely air) and then humanitarian force; Op Allied Force and Joint Guard

5.   Macedonia (22 Aug 2001 – Fall 2001) – disarm ethnic Albanians; Operation Essential Harvest

C.  Military Structure (* = ground, air, and maritime)

1.   Reaction Forces – versatile, highly mobile * forces maintained at high readiness levels; early response

2.   Main Defense Forces – active and mobilizable * forces to deter and defend; comprise of multinational and national formations

3.   Augmentation Forces – other forces at varying readiness levels used to reinforce for deterrence, crisis management, or defense

D.  1991, after the Warsaw Pact dissolved

1.   Rome Summit Meeting – new strategic approach to European security; reduction of Allied nuclear arms

2.   Declaration of Peace and Cooperation – setup framework of European security and partnership

3.   North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) – oversee development of the partnership

E.  Partnership for Peace (PIP) (Brussels, Jan ’94) – made of NACC and OSCE members; designed to inc. cooperative efforts, security, and unity

1.   Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe = OSCE

F.  Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (30 May ’97) – replaces NACC; more aggressively promotes cooperation between members

 

 

I.         History (UN) – established 24 Oct ’45 by 51 countries to preserve peace through international cooperation and collective security; 191 members today

 

II.        Purpose (4) – (note: does not make laws; all members have a voice in the mission to resolve intl. conflict and policy important to world matters)

1.   To maintain international peace and security

2.   To develop friendly relations among nations

3.   To cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights

4.   To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations

 

III.      Structure – six main bodies; five have HQ in NY and one (Intl. Court of Justice) in Hague, Netherlands

A.       The Security Council – responsible for maintaining international peace and security; 15 members; Perm Members: China, France, Russia, UK, US

·         Non-permanent members elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly

·         Decisions (except procedural ones) require 9 yes votes and no vetoes or abstaining votes from permanent members

·         Decisions must be carried out by all members; enforced with arms embargo, economic sanctions, or (rarely) “all means necessary”

·         Makes recommendations to the General Assembly

B.       General Assembly – parliament of nations; Sec General presides as Pres. Pro Tempore; each state has 1 vote and up to 5 delegates

a.   2/3 majority decides major issues intl. peace and security, new members, UN budget, and peacekeeping budget

b.   Simple majority decides other issues … in recent years decisions reached through consensus instead of a formal vote

C.       Economic and Social Council – 54 members elected by Gen Asmbly for 3-yr terms; meets monthly (in either NY or Geneva; rotates)

a.   Coordinates UN economic, social work, and (as of ’98) humanitarian issues

b.   Consults non-gov orgs (NGOs) to link UN with civil society

D.       Trusteeship Council – est. to supervise 11 Trust Territories by 7 members; prepare them for self-gov or independence (Palau last to go; ’94)

E.       International Court of Justice – main judicial body; 15 judges (elected by Gen Asmbly and Sec Council); decides disputes b/w countries

a.   Participation voluntary but once participating it is obligated to comply with the decision made

b.   Also advises Gen Asmbly and Sec Council on request

F.       Secretariat – does UN’s admin work; headed by Sec Gen; consists of 8,900 staff from 160 countries; in NY, Geneva, Vienna, Nairobi

 

·         Note: President allows maintains authority over US troops; chain of command flows from him to the lowest US commander

1.   US Forces sometimes put temporarily under op control of foreign partners to serve US interests while limiting US exposure

2.   Allows US to benefit from collective security actions

 

IV.      UN Leadership – headed by Pres of Gen Asmbly Jan Kavan (Czech)           – Secretary General Kofi Annan (Ghana)

 – Deputy Secretary Louise Frechette (Canada)

 

V.       UN Operations – central purpose: preserve the world; member states agree to settle disputes peacefully

·         Involved in peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, and conflict prevention; addresses root causes of war that do break out

A.       Thwarted Peacekeeping Missions – problems: 1) unwillingness to seek peaceful solutions … 2) members provide insufficient resources

·         Bosnia and Herzegovina (’94) – 35,000 troops requested to guard “safe areas”; it took one year to get 7,600 troops

·         Rwanda (’94) – UN unanimously decides to send in 5,500 troops to stop genocide; took 6 months to deploy though 19 governments had pledged 31,000 stand-by troops

B.       Noted Operations and Treaties since 1948

#

Location

Time

Task

1

Berlin Crisis

1948 - 49

Defuse crisis

2

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962

Defuse crisis

3

<UN Treaty>

1967

Ban nuclear weapons from outer space

4

<UN Treaty> Conference on Disarmament

1968

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

5

<UN Treaty>

1971

Ban nuclear weapons on the ocean floor / seabed

6

<UN Treaty>

1972

Ban on bacteriological weapons

7

Middle East Crisis

1973

Defuse crisis

8

Afghanistan

1989

Soviet withdrawal

9

Iraq and Kuwait

1991 - Present

Monitor DMZ

10

-

1992

Ban chemical weapons

11

Bosnia and Herzegovina

1992 - 1995

Protect civilians

12

Croatia

Bring peace, security; reintegrate Eastern Slovenia

13

Republic of Macedonia

Prevent war

14

Cambodia

1992 - Present

Strengthen human rights and democracy

15

Afghanistan

1993 - Present

Facilitate reconstruction

16

Tajikistan

1994

Initiated and monitored cease-fire and peace-process

17

<UN Treaty> Conference on Disarmament

1996

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty

18

Iraq

Humanitarian assistance (oil-for-food hum program)

19

<UN Treaty> Ottawa Convention

1997

Signed by 100 countries; ban landmines

20

Iran-Iraq

1998

Peace-settlement

21

Central African Republic

Electoral assistance and security

22

Sierra Leone

Monitor human rights and restore peace

23

Rwanda

First-ever International Court verdict (crime: genocide)

24

Kosovo

1999

Humanitarian assistance

25

Haiti, Sierra Leone

not given

Restore democratic governments

26

Cambodia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mozambique

not given

Ended Civil Wars

27

Former Yugoslavia

not given

Humanitarian assistance

 

VI.      NATO Enlargement and European Security (essay)

 

VII.    ADM Smith (sending along with platforms)

 

VIII.   Graduate in Review (will they ever ask a question?  material greatly condensed to reflect only the major highlights)

  • ADM Smith, Class of 1962 – 34 years of service
  • CDR in Chief NATO Forces in Southern Europe
  • Oversaw IFOR (Implementation Forces) in Bosnia for the peace accords
  • Was failing 3 of 5 classes and nearly the other two as well his plebe year; was able to recover to a 2.5

 

Week 7: Platforms

Platforms - Air

EF-2000 Eurofighter Typhoon

Rafale M

Tornado F-3 ADV

Producer

Germany, Italy, Spain, UK

France

Germany, Italy, UK

Mission

Air-to-air, Air-to-ground, Recon

Air-to-air, Air-to-ground

Air-to-air, Air-to-ground, Recon

Weapons

27mm Mauser gun

6500kg payload w/13 weap stations

30mm DEFA 554

18000lb external payload

2x27mm Mauser gun

9000kg payload w/9 weap stations

Crew

1

1 or 2

2 (Pilot, Weapon System Officer)

Speed (max)

1.7 mach

1.8 mach

1.9 mach

Visual ID

Unique dual air intake

Unique dual air intake

Blunt wing tips, no “mini-wings” near the nose like the other two

 

 

 

Platforms - Tanks

Challenger II MBT

Leopard II MBT

Leclerc MBT

Producer

Britain

Germany

France

Mission

close with and destroy enemy forces in any situation (inc. NBC)

Weapons (smaller machgun for Anti-Air)

Main Gun: 120mm

MachineGuns: 2x 7.62mm

Main Gun: 120mm

MachineGuns: 2 x 7.62mm

Main Gun: 120mm

MachineGuns:7.62,12.7mm

Crew

4 (CDR, Gunner, Driver, Loader)

4 (CDR, Gunner, Driver, Loader)

3 (CDR, Gunner, Driver)*

Speed (kmph)

40 / 59*

40 / 72

50 / 71

Visual ID

6 wheels per side; smoother up top; small cylinder on main gun

Very large cylinder on main gun; 7 wheels per side

Circular thing on top; 6 wheels per side; no cylinder on main gun

*auto-loader … all information from www.fas.org